---
title: Heritage
type: taxonomy_archive
taxonomy: topic
slug: heritage
term_id: 54
permalink: "https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/topic/heritage/"
post_count: 53
---

# Heritage

Posts in this archive: 53

- [CULTURAL SPACES: How Adelaide is boosting its cultural offering and tourism with a $400 million expansion of an iconic market](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/adelaide-develops-market-square-district.md) — Find out how Adelaide Central Market’s $400 million expansion and the creation of New Market Square will transform the city’s cultural and culinary heart, balancing heritage preservation with economic growth.
- [Creatividad, Cultura e Innovación en Las Ciudades Iberoamericanas](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/publication/creatividad-cultura-e-innovacion-en-las-ciudades-iberoamericanas.md) — Creatividad, Cultura e Innovación en Las Ciudades Iberoamericanas (Creativity, Culture and Innovation in Ibero-American Cities) showcases how cities in Latin America are placing culture at the heart of urban development to safeguard heritage, protect cultural rights, and promote access to culture. 
- [UNESCO Site: Restoring and safeguarding Beijing’s Central Axis](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/beijing-central-axis-cultural-policy-2.md) — In 2024, Beijing’s Central Axis was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, marking a cultural policy milestone in China. This historic urban spine showcases imperial planning traditions and blends conservation science, regulatory reform, digital innovation, and civic participation. From volunteer patrols to interactive technology, the project has preserved centuries-old heritage while improving the districts along the Axis – reinforcing community engagement and promoting international cultural dialogue.
- [Ancient Made New: Beijing’s Intangible Cultural Heritage is at the heart of global exchange and tourism boost](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/beijing-intangible-cultural-heritage-policy-2.md) — Beijing is home to 447 intangible cultural heritage projects. Thirteen – including silk weaving, tea etiquette and shadow puppetry – are on UNESCO’s List of Intangible Cultural Heritage, the most in China. Leveraging these unique cultural assets, Beijing launched the first International Week of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2023;and opened the Intangible Cultural Heritage Experience Centre in 2024. Both have enabled Beijing to increase public engagement and boost inbound tourism.
- [Urban Renewal: Beijing’s cultural strategy transformed former industrial site into thriving Shougang Park ](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/shougang-park-urban-renewal-2.md) — On the outskirts of the capital, Beijing’s cultural strategy has transformed a vast 863 hectares steel production site into a unique visitor destination, positioning Shougang Park as a model for urban development, and industrial heritage revitalisation. By capitalising on the 2022 Winter Olympics, Beijing repurposed Shougang Park’s industry structures – like blast furnaces and cooling towers – into thriving ecological, cultural and recreational spaces that boosted tourism and the night time economy.
- [Cultural Innovation: Expanding 2,000-year-old Guangzhou Flower Market’s cultural offering](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/guangzhou-flower-market-cultural-heritage-innovation.md) — Guangzhou’s 2,000-year-old Spring Festival Flower Market, now recognised as national intangible cultural heritage, blends ancient Lunar New Year traditions with modern innovations like drone shows, street food, and riverside events to drive cultural tourism, the flower industry, and the nighttime economy.
- [Heritage Innovation: How Guangzhou developed its intangible heritage into culture-led design and lifestyle products](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/heritage-innovation-how-guangzhou-developed-its-intangible-heritage-into-culture-led-design-and-lifestyle-products.md) — 'Recommended Gifts from the Bay Area' is a cultural innovation initiative from Guangzhou that transforms Lingnan intangible heritage - like food, opera, and folk festivals - into modern design products. Through creative reinterpretation of traditions such as the “Pantang’s Five Treasures” and lion dance, the initiative promotes cultural identity, stimulates the creative economy, and shows how urban policy can integrate heritage into everyday life for global audiences.
- [Deciphering an ancient Anatolian language with AI in Turkey](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/istanbul-hittite-digital-library.md) — A pioneering project by Turkey’s Ministry of Culture and Tourism and Ankara University is using AI to decipher Hittite tablets, creating a digital library that safeguards fragile artefacts, accelerates research, and sets a global model for heritage innovation.
- [Heritage Infrastructure: Transforming İstanbul’s 19th-century Rami Barracks into Rami Library](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/istanbul-rami-library.md) — The transformation of İstanbul’s 19th-century Rami Barracks into the Rami Library has created one of Türkiye’s largest cultural hubs, blending heritage conservation with innovative services to support lifelong learning, research, and community life.
- [Cultural Villages: Preserving Betawi heritage while improving community welfare](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/developing-cultural-villages-jakarta.md) — Launched in 2022, Jakarta’s cultural village initiative supports five Betawi communities- Petukangan, Rawa Belong, Marunda, Condet, and Tanah Abang - to preserve heritage and improve welfare. Through community empowerment, cultural tourism, and traditional arts promotion, the programme strengthens local identity and enhances economic sustainability. Led by the Jakarta Culture Office and ADKI, this policy framework promotes inclusive cultural development while positioning Jakarta as a culturally grounded global city.
- [Oral History: Preserving Lisbon’s collective memory through Memórias de Lisboa](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/memorias-de-lisboa-programme.md) — Lisbon City Council's Memórias de Lisboa (Memories of Lisbon) programme is a community-based cultural initiative dedicated to collecting, preserving and promoting the collective memory of Lisbon’s residents. More than 500 residents across different districts of Lisbon have taken part since 2015.
- [Theatre District: How Lisbon is revitalising the 1920s Parque Mayer neighbourhood](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/revitalising-parque-mayer-lisbon.md) — Parque Mayer has a unique place in Lisbon’s cultural history, extending far beyond its function as a theatre and entertainment district. Created in 1922, it soon became known as the ‘Broadway of Lisbon, bringing together theatres, restaurants and performance spaces. For nearly a century, it has embodied the city’s cultural memory and identity, reflecting successive phases of Portuguese entertainment. 
- [Library Strategy: How Lisbon Library Network is strengthening libraries as a cultural and social ecosystem](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/lisbon-library-network.md) — The Lisbon Library Network functions as an integrated municipal system connecting libraries across the city’s neighbourhoods. The network’s Strategic Programme 2025–2035 ensures that this ecosystem continues to thrive, adapting to technological, social and urban transformations while reinforcing the library’s role at the heart of Lisbon’s cultural policy.
- [Chinatown: How Montréal is safeguarding this historic cultural district ](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/montreal-chinatown-heritage-preservation.md) — Like many Chinatowns in cities, Montreal’s Chinatown – the only French-speaking Chinatown in the Americas – faces pressures from gentrification and redevelopment. Since 2019, the City of Montreal has implemented a coordinated strategy to preserve the neighbourhood’s culture and reflect a broader North American trend of protecting ethnic enclaves from displacement through inclusive urban planning and community-led preservation.
- [Cultural Appreciation: How Nanjing is integrating aesthetic education into urban life](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/nanjing-social-aesthetic-education-initiative.md) — In 2024, Nanjing launched a cultural strategy focused on three areas: revitalising public spaces, nurturing humanistic aesthetic values, and promoting city-wide aesthetic awareness. 53 projects were piloted to engage citizens with art and beauty through public space revitalization, evening classes, and cultural programming. Supported by digital campaigns and volunteer networks, the initiative enhances cultural wellbeing and offers a replicable model for embedding aesthetic education into urban policy and city planning.
- [How Nanjing brings classical literature to life through immersive experience ](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/literary-heritage-how-nanjing-brings-classical-literature-to-life-through-immersive-experience.md) — Nanjing’s immersive adaptation of Dream of the Red Chamber redefines how traditional literary IP can engage modern audiences. Debuting in July 2024, this digitally driven exhibition attracted over 10,000 visitors and generated more than one million RMB, while sparking renewed interest in Chinese literary heritage among youth. By blending immersive tech with cultural storytelling, the project exemplifies how cities can make classical literature relevant for new generations.
- [Revitalising Cultural Heriatage: Taipei’s Old House Cultural Movement Project ](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/taipei-old-house-cultural-movement-project.md) — Launched in 2013, Taipei’s Old House Cultural Movement Project is a pioneering public–private platform revitalising derelict cultural heritage sites through corporate investment and creative reuse. By offering rent discounts and tax exemptions linked to restoration work, the city incentivises long-term stewardship. With over USD 21 million in private investment by 2024, restored sites now house bookstores, theatres, creative hubs, and wellness centres, preserving heritage while integrating it into vibrant contemporary life.
- [How Taipei is reviving a heritage settlement with co-habitation between artists and residents](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/taipei-co-habitation-between-artists-and-residents.md) — Treasure Hill, once a self-built military settlement in Taipei, has been transformed into a model of living preservation through the Artists & Residents Co-Habitation policy. Since 2010, the site has blended historic housing, low-rent residences, and an artist village to foster community care and creative exchange. New residents apply through community-based proposals, contributing to education, arts, and stewardship. The model preserves cultural identity while building a sustainable, intergenerational community rooted in collaboration.
- [A New Era for Vienna’s City Museum](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/wien-museum-vienna.md) — Reopened in 2023 after a major city-funded renovation, the Wien Museum blends architectural preservation with bold expansion. A ‘floating’ concrete cube adds two new floors of exhibition space, while geothermal systems, solar panels, and inclusive design signal a commitment to sustainability and access. Operated by the Museums of the City of Vienna, the project drew on over a decade of public dialogue. Since reopening, the museum has become one of Vienna’s most popular cultural destinations, also earning the Austrian Eco-Label for sustainability
- [Foto Wien: Strengthening Vienna’s cultural infrastructure ](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/vienna-foto-arsenal-wien.md) — Foto Arsenal Wien is a publicly funded institution dedicated to contemporary photography and lens-based media. Following a EUR 3 million renovation of a historic building in the Arsenal complex, it offers exhibitions, workshops, and education programmes for all ages. With state-of-the-art facilities and up to 12 shows annually, it has quickly become a cornerstone of Vienna’s cultural infrastructure and a leading venue for photographic innovation and public engagement.
- [How Abu Dhabi is protecting culturally significant buildings](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/abu-dhabi-modern-heritage-conservation-initiative.md) — Launched in 2023, Abu Dhabi’s Modern Heritage initiative identifies, safeguards, and maintains sites that have shaped Abu Dhabi’s cultural identity in the last 50 years. These sites are safeguarded for future generations due to their architectural, historical, societal, or scientific importance. The first 64 buildings conserved include a school, sports centre, hotels, and markets that have become culturally significant landmarks, serving as paradigms of architectural design and urban planning.
- [National Slavery Museum in Amsterdam: A Model for Cultural Reconciliation and Inclusive Cultural Policy](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/amsterdam-dutch-national-slavery-museum.md) — The City of Amsterdam has played a leading role in initiating a new National Slavery Museum which is due to open in 2030. The EUR 115 million project – jointly funded by the City of Amsterdam and the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture & Science – aims to tell the whole Dutch slavery story, and involve grassroots communities to bring about reconciliation, social change, healing and recovery by facing, acknowledging and processing the past.
- [Barcelona's Creative Factories Fàbriques de Creació](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/barcelona-fabriques-de-creacio-creative-factories.md) — The Fàbriques de Creació (Creative Factories) programme is a pioneering initiative of the Barcelona City Council’s Department of Culture (ICUB). Since 2007, it has transformed over 11 disused industrial buildings into 30,000 m² of inclusive, affordable and multidisciplinary spaces for artistic creation, research, production, and public presentation
- [One Dublin, One Book brings the city together through literature](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/one-dublin-one-book-2.md) — Every April since 2005, Dublin residents have been encouraged to read the same book either written by a Dubliner or connected with the capital city, through the One Dublin, One Book campaign. To mark the 20th year of this mass cultural participation event, Dublin City Council and Dublin UNESCO City of Literature commissioned an anthology of 22 poets and writers to capture Dublin in the first quarter of the century.
- [Honouring the Dead: Community-led remembrance in the heart of Brussels  ](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/dia-de-muertos-in-brussels-cultural-participation-2.md) — Día de Muertos in Marolles is a community-driven festival in Brussels that blends Mexican tradition with local creativity to honour the dead through inclusive public rituals. Supported by the City of Brussels, it features workshops, concerts, and a large public altar, fostering cultural participation and social cohesion. The event exemplifies how cultural infrastructure can support access for all and strengthen collective memory through vibrant, community-led cultural exchange.
- [Trends](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city/trends.md)
- [Cologne joins World Cities Culture Forum](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/cologne-joins-world-cities-culture-forum.md) — Cologne, one of Germany's major cultural capitals, has joined World Cities Culture Forum’s network of 40+ cities. 

City leaders in Cologne will work alongside counterparts from more than 40 cities, including Bengaluru, Buenos Aires, Hamburg, London, New York and Tokyo to place culture at the heart of the city’s growth and investment.
- [Reviving Jakarta's Traditional Folk Games:  Heritage Practices for Future Generations ](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/reviving-jakartas-traditional-folk-games-heritage-practices-for-future-generations.md) — Jakarta's culture is interwoven with the vibrant traditions of the Betawi people, natives to Jakarta from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Among these, traditional folk games and sports stand out as beloved pastimes, uniting communities and celebrating Jakarta's rich heritage.
- [Building bliss: living near heritage sites improves citizens’ wellbeing](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/building-bliss-living-near-heritage-sites-improves-citizens-wellbeing.md) — A new report by Historic England unveils the impact of local heritage on mental and emotional health. The research estimated that the overall wellbeing value of heritage visits is worth £29 billion every year in England, supporting citizen life satisfaction and pre-empting long-term clinical interventions.  
- [Kyiv’s cultural resistance: Culture inspiring hope, resilience and recovery](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/post/kyivs-cultural-resistance-culture-inspiring-hope-resilience-and-recovery.md) — Two years since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, we explore the role of the ‘cultural front’ in protecting heritage, documenting the war and providing hope for the future
- [How the world's oldest transport network is changing to embrace cultural diversity in London](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/how-the-worlds-oldest-transport-network-is-changing-to-embrace-cultural-diversity.md) — London has updated its famous transport map to reflect it's rich cultural diversity after engaging with communities.
- [Nanjing transforms its literary legacy into a modern marvel](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/nanjing-transforms-its-literary-legacy-into-a-modern-marvel.md) — Nanjing was formerly the home of China's oldest literary museum and aims to capitalize on this aspect of its history, using it as a foundation for local and tourist engagement.
- [Nanjing's immersive experiences usher in a new era for cultural heritage](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/nanjings-immersive-experiences-usher-in-a-new-era-for-cultural-heritage.md) — How the city of Nanjing is accelerating using new digital technologies to enhance and market cultural heritage, helping to increase revenue and facilitate the integration of culture and tourism.
- [Cultural identity at risk: the challenge facing Vancouver's historic Chinatown](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/prioritize-intangible-cultural-heritage-promote-cultural-redress.md) — Conditionally approved by Council in 2022, Vancouver proposed priority projects, actions, partners, policy work, and resources to foster a
vibrant Chinatown, and provide a foundational document towards a potential UNESCO World Heritage Site designation for the area.
- [How Shenzhen's Nantou ancient city preserves its 1,700-year heritage amidst urban development](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/nantou-ancient-city-neighborhood-renovation.md) — Nantou Ancient City renovation project was set up to preserve and enhance a historically significant district in Shenzhen with a rich history spanning over 1,700 years. This district is known for its cultural importance and its transformation into a modern, integrated community that seamlessly blends its historical and contemporary elements
- ['Summer in the City of Rams': how the campaign model is bridging heritage and modern culture in Guangzhou](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/summer-in-the-city-of-rams-guangzhou-citizens-cultural-season.md) — The Guangzhou government has been keen to upgrade the cultural offer of the city, to revitalise its traditional culture, and offer more artistic activities to the general public.
- [How the festival 'Unboxed Bengalaru' will help ignite a cultural renaissance in the city](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/unbox-bengaluru-festival.md) — The Unbox Bengaluru Festival is an attempt to rally together creative and cultural institutions and unite city stakeholders (public, private and civil society).
- [İstanbul's historical gem: Beyoğlu culture route raises awareness of city heritage](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/istanbul-beyoglu-culture-route.md) — The Beyoğlu Culture Route, developed by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, is a major project that aims to highlight and share Turkey’s tangible and intangible cultural heritage with future generations.
- [Art meets architecture: fusing Stockholm's cultural heritage](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/stockholm-cultural-heritage-in-urban-planning.md) — The City is continually working to embed cultural heritage as part of current and future development activity. The City’s Culture Department is the cities expert on cultural landscape and heritage and referral body in city planning projects.
- [How Barcelona is pioneering new cultural policy by embedding cultural rights](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/cultural-rights-nurturing-cultural-grassroots.md) — Barcelona is pioneering cultural policy in its cultural sector and promoting the right to produce and access culture freely across the city. 
- [Seoul's open-air museum: a quest to inspire deeper cultural encounters](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/seoul-is-museum-2.md) — A public citizen-led art programme creating cultural spaces in Seoul's public places, with the aspiration of turning the city into an open-air art museum.
- [Preserving heritage: communities in San Francisco their cultural identities](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/the-cultural-districts-initiative-2.md) — Communities are collaborating with the City to help preserve the cultural and social fabric of San Francisco's historic neighbourhoods.
- [Disused port to creative centre: how Mina Zayed became a centre of innovation in Abu Dhabi](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/mina-zayed-miza-from-disused-port-to-creative-centre.md) — Abu Dahbi regenerated a disused part of the city to bring together different creative disciplines with commercial enterprises to facilitate collaboration and innovative cultural projects.
- [Acknowledging a shared past: Sydney's Eora Journey unveiled](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/yananurala-walking-on-country.md) — Aboriginal people have faced significant injustices and their culture often dismissed. Sydney's Yananurala initiative to recognise First Nations Australians in public art and the public domain.
- [Street symphonies and art alleys: Taipei makes culture accessible to all](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/art-in-the-community-culture-in-the-alley-and-culture-on-the-move.md) — "Culture in the Alley," supports hyper-local performing arts events, and the Taipei Fine Arts Museum's "Culture on the Move," which focuses on the localised use of museum collections. Both initiatives prioritise making art an integral part of everyday life for the city's residents, enhancing access, and democratising culture.
- [Toronto's monumental shift: Dundas Street renaming sparks global conversation](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/renaming-dundas-street.md) — Reconsidering statues and street names in the public realm and ensuring that the most impacted community voices are heard.
- [How a citizen-led project reconnects Lisbon's elderly with their communities](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/neighbourhood-lives-and-memories.md) — Reducing isolation and loneliness among the elderly population whilst gathering the history and memories of the city's older generation.
- [Celebrating Lagos: John Randle Centre pays tribute to Yoruba legacy](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/john-randle-centre-for-yoruba-history-and-culture.md) — Arts and culture venues in Lagos have historically been elitist. A newly restored cultural space is championing culture for all as it regenerates a major new history and leisure venue.
- [Bruce Lee's former residence and the cultural revival of Yongqingfang district in Guangzhou](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/yongqingfang-micro-renovation-project.md) — The Yongqingfang district boasts a wealth of heritage but was gradually deteriorating. A unique development model is enabling micro-renovations  to preserve this historical neighbourhood.
- [From Chitty Chitty Bang Bang to The Marriage of Figaro: dementia-friendly performances in Edinburgh](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/forget-me-not-dementia-friendly-communities-project.md) — Edinburgh is opening hearts and minds by creating a supportive performance environment for audiences living with dementia.
- [UNESCO heritage site Al Ain inspires future generation in Abu Dhabi](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/al-ain-unesco-heritage-site-inspires-future-generations.md) — Abu Dhabi creates a groundbreaking educational resource using interactive media to support social studies and national education students in 11th grade in all public schools. The programme is a collaboration between Abu Dhabi's Department of Education and Knowledge and Department of Culture and Tourism.
- [How the Louvre Abu Dhabi created an ingenious way to reach new audiences](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/city-project/louvre-abu-dhabi-highway-gallery.md) — As a new museum in the city with relatively limited domestic audiences, Louvre Abu Dhabi needed to find new ways to bring art to the people and increase footfall for the museum.
- [Overview of Key Data](https://worldcitiescultureforum.com/wp-content/uploads/wp-mfa-exports/report/data-headlines-report-5th-edition.md) — Key data headlines from the 5th edition of the World Cities Culture Report, covering cultural infrastructure, events and participation in culture across cities.